Spreadsheet and Toppings Worksheet

Inventory Summary Project Description: In this Mastery project, you will edit a worksheet that summarizes the inventory status at the Petaluma production facility. Instructions: For the purpose of grading the project you are required to perform the following tasks: Step| Instructions| Points Possible| 1| Start Excel. Open the downloaded Excel workbook named GO_e02_Grader_EOC. xlsx. | 0| 2| Rename the Sheet1 worksheet tab to Condiments and then display the Toppings worksheet. 4| 3| On the Toppings worksheet, in cell B4, insert a function that will total the Quantity in Stock data (A15:A29). | 5| 4| On the Toppings worksheet, in cell B5, insert a function that will calculate the average retail price of the available toppings (D15:D29). | 5| 5|On the Toppings worksheet, in cell B6, insert a function that will calculate the median retail price of the available toppings (D15:D29). | 5| 6| On the Toppings worksheet, in cell B7, insert a function that will calculate the lowest retail price of the available toppings (D15:D29). 5| 7| On the Toppings worksheet, in cell B8, insert a function that will calculate the highest retail price of the available toppings (D15:D29). | 5| 8| On the Toppings worksheet, in cell B10, insert a function that will count the total number of salsa products available. | 5| 9| On the Toppings worksheet, in cell G15, insert a function that will display the text Order if the value in the Quantity in Stock column is less than 50. Otherwise, the function will display the text OK. Copy the function in cell G15 to the range G16:G29. 8| 10| On the Toppings worksheet, apply conditional formatting to the range G15:G29 so that cells containing the text Order are formatted as Bold Italic, with a font color of Aqua, Accent 1 (under Theme Colors). | 8| 11| On the Toppings worksheet, display orange data bars with a gradient fill in all cells in the range A15:A29. | 8| 12| On the Toppings worksheet, create an Excel table using the range A14:G29, which includ es headers. Format the table as Table Style Light 9. Sort the Item # column from smallest to largest. | 4| 13| Filter the Category column so that only salsa products are displayed.Insert a total row, and then sum the Quantity in Stock column to display the number of salsa products in stock. Record the result in cell B11. | 4| 14| Clear the filter from the Category column. Remove the total row from the table. | 12| 15| Modify the Toppings worksheet so that row 14 prints at the top of each page. | 4| 16| Group together the Condiments and Toppings worksheets. Center the worksheets horizontally on the page, and then change the scaling of the worksheets so that the width of the contents fits on one page. 4| 17|On the Summary worksheet, in cell C9, insert a linking formula that will refer to the value from cell B8 on the Toppings worksheet. | 5| 18| On the Summary worksheet, in cell D9, insert Column sparklines using the values B9:C9. | 6| 19| On the Summary worksheet, in cell D9, apply S tyle Accent 5, Darker 50% to the sparklines. | 3| 20| Ensure that the worksheets are correctly named and placed in the following order in the workbook: Summary, Condiments, Toppings. Save the workbook. Close the workbook and then exit Excel. Submit the workbook as directed. | 0| | Total Points| 100|

Chronicle of a Death Foretold: a Crime Novel? Essay

DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that this is my own and personal work, except where the work(s) or publications of others have been acknowledged by means of reference techniques. I have read and understood Tutorial Letter CMNALLE/301/2011 regarding technical and presentation requirements, referencing techniques and plagiarism. EA Swanepoel 48170399 26 March 2012 Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s Chronicle of a Death Foretold is a narration spoken from the different viewpoints of the residents of a river town in Colombia. The novel embarks on an exploration into an unsettling crime to arrive at a solution in order to explain a murder. Many years after the death of protagonist, Santiago Nasar, his close friend returns â€Å"twentyseven years later† (Marquez 1981:1) to question the residents present on the day of the murder. Through analysing into the past, the story turns investigative and portrays elements of a detective novel. A typical crime novel usually portrays the author opening the story with a problem (Sansalvador, G. 2010. Film, Literature and Society. Only study guide for WLL2602. Pretoria: University of South Africa), such as the need to solve a crime and discover the perpetrators, the victim or motives behind the crime. The reader is not kept in suspense to be headed to the crime, but is instead made aware of the crime from the beginning. The rest of the novel usually details the crime, obtains clues and solves the problem. The problem is known to the reader beforehand; it is the development of the problem that the reader is oblivious to therefore, the solving plays a crucial part in a detective novel. Such can be found in Chronicle of a Death Foretold, when the first paragraph sets the crime for the reader. The opening statement, â€Å"On the day they were going to kill him† (1981:1), portrays the crime. The reader realises the offense before discovering how it happened. Thus, it is the duty of the narrator, acting as detective, to examine facts and study reports. The narrator does indeed act as detective. He comes â€Å"back to search out the last pieces of testimony† (1981:87) and tries â€Å"to put the broken mirror of memory back together from so many scattered shards† (1981:5). According to Hannah Wallace and W.C. Miller (2006) the narrator continues to give a journalistic explanation of an actual murder. More details are given in the first line of the book. Perhaps like a true detective, the narrator provides little details which otherwise would be forgotten or deemed irrelevant. We learn that the victim is Santiago Nasar; that he â€Å"got up at five-thirty in the morning† and that he had waited â€Å"for the boat the bishop was coming on† (1981:1). As is seen throughout the novel, the narrator often states the time in which certain affairs take place, in order to give the reader a timeline of events. The first line refers to â€Å"they†; the perpetrators of the crime, indicating that the narrator already knows who â€Å"they† are (later to be confirmed on page 14). As an investigative narrative unfolds, the detective finds and reveals clues along the investigative journey. The detective goes forth undertaking various methods of investigation, such as questioning and reading reports. In doing so, he finds evidence that would allow for the consummation of the solution. The detective in Chronicle of a Death Foretold questions numerous people in order to hear their side of the story. It is here where the novel adopts many narrators, each recalling events from his or her point of view. â€Å"All the many people he ran into after leaving his house†¦ remembered him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1981:2) and gave accounts of that day. The detective has to sift through the various interpretations in order to find similarities and discover any falsehoods. The narrator interviews Santiago Nasar’s mother, Placida Linero, where she explains that â€Å"the front door, except for festive occasions, remained closed and barred† (1981:10). This is one clue where the narrator slips into the story. It is only later that the reader realises why it was mentioned at all. The narrator continues on suspicions such as Angela Vicario’s purity because â€Å"no one would have thought nor did anyone say that Angela Vicario wasn’t a virgin† (1981:37). Elaine Swanepoel Student Number: 48170399 WLL2602 Assignment 02 Unique Number: 756601 The reader discovers that Santiago Nasar was remembered with mixed reactions by the people in his community. Some thought well of him while others â€Å"recalled [him] without affection† (1981:7). It is also noteworthy that the narrator, although acting detective, relays to the reader his own perspective of Santiago Nasar. Therefore, while the reader hears accounts from various witnesses, the ultimate perception of Santiago Nasar is that of the narrator. As a result, it could be said that the narrator loses the professionalism of a detective. Furthermore, the imaginative detail given by the narrator works against the journalistic style found in a detective novel, and â€Å"sends the reader into several different conceptual areas between reality and fiction that he then has to disentangle† (SparkNote Editors). Another point is brought to attention. â€Å"There is no mystery surrounding the death of Santiago Nasar† (Wallace, Hannah. Miller, W.C. 2006) therefore, the reader questions the intention of the detective. The detective eventually arrives at a solution and thus, completes the investigation. It could possibly be said that the narrator in Chronicle of a Death Foretold wishes to find the reason why no one bothered to stop the Vicario brothers from murdering Santiago Nasar because â€Å"many of those who were on the docks knew they were going to kill Santiago Nasar.† (1081:18). It is also discussed, although chance events proved wrong, that â€Å"no one even wondered whether Santiago Nasar [had] been warned, because it seemed impossible to all that he hadn’t.† (1981:19). As the detective realises that someone did try warning Santiago Nasar by slipping a note under his doorway before the murder (1981:13), he learns and reveals to the reader that it was not found until after the chaos surrounding the murder. The narrator never truly finds out if Angela Vicario was telling the truth about Santiago Nasar, and many doubted because â€Å"no one had ever seen them together, much less alone together† (1981:90). She swore to the judge it was him â€Å"but with no further precision of either how or where† (1981:101). The narrator argues with the validity of the arrest (or the non-arrest) of the Vicario brothers. Nevertheless Colonel Aponte asserts that â€Å"no one is arrested just on suspicion† (1981:57). Whether this was true of the law, it may very well be that Gabriel Garcia Marquez inserted this line to show how Colonel Aponte, and others, tries justifying his actions. The narrator reveals why the Vicario brothers never saw the light in Santiago Nasar’s bedroom go on. â€Å"He didn’t have to turn on any light to reach his bedroom because the bulb on the stairway stayed lit through the night† (1981:64). After finding the solution, typically the detective will give explanations of the murder. Why did no one warn Santiago Nasar? People thought he already knew (1981:19) and â€Å"the people were too excited with the bishop’s visit to worry about any other news† (1981:20). The narrator provides a list of events for the reader (1981:48-69; 10304) along with a summary (1981:84). While explaining the solution though, the reader is taken back and forth to interviews with residents. Therefore the narrator is still in the phase of discovering truths, while explaining solutions already found. This is perhaps not so typical of a detective novel. On the other hand, the â€Å"back and forth† eventually allows for the narrator to bring the information together so that the reader can perceive how events have turned out. He continues to explain other questions such as why Placida Linero locked the door (1981:119). The uncertainty the crime Santiago Nasar committed is never solved but the narrator provides a reason why it was uncertain. It was because the judge did not find â€Å"a single indication, not even the most unlikely one, that Santiago Nasar had been the cause of the wrong† (1981:100). An explanation of the aftermath of the murder is given (1981:84-99); the narrator adding that â€Å"most of those who could have done something to prevent the crime and still didn’t do it consoled themselves† (1981:98), which further proves the residents trying to justify their actions. In essence, Gabriel Garcia Marquez wrote Chronicle of a Death Foretold as an inspired novel (based on true events, Sansalvador, G. 2010) providing a description (or chronicle) of the crime. The narrator and his personal relationship with the victim and the residents, tells the story from his point of view, although he allows others chance to tell theirs. He has read the autopsy report (1981:75) and has scavenged â€Å"some 322 pages filched from the more than 500 that the brief must have had.† (1981:100) Chronicle of a Death Foretold, although not a detective novel, uses elements thereof and turns journalistic as the narrator â€Å"recovered numerous marginal experiences† (1981:43) in order to write up a chronicle based on the â€Å"last pieces of testimony† (1981:87 SOURCES CONSULTED Dictionary.com. [O] Available: http://dictionary.reference.com/ Accessed on 19 March 2012 Marquez, G. 1981. Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Spain: Penguin Books. Sansalvador, G. 2010. Film, Literature and Society. Only study guide for WLL2602. Pretoria: University of South Africa SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Chronicle of a Death Foretold.† [O] Available: http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/chrondeath/ Accessed on 19 March 2012 Wallace, Hannah. Miller, W.C. ed. *Chronicle of a Death Foretold Study Guide : Summary and Analysis of Chapter 2*. [O] Available: http://www.gradesaver.com/chronicle-of-a-death-foretold Accessed on 19 March 2012 Elaine Swanepoel Student Number: 48170399 WLL2602 Assignment 02 Unique Number: 756601

Butch and femme roles of lesbians

Butch and femme roles of lesbians Butch and femme roles were extremely important to the community in the forties and fifties; it was the butch role that was the most visible, and therefore the most likely to cause public scorn (Weissman and Fernie). The two sources, The Reproduction of Butch – Femme Roles by Madeline Davis and Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Forbidden Love by Aerlyn Weisman and Lynne Fernie focus particularly on the function of the butch role among working class lesbians in Buffalo. These sources draw on articles, oral histories and interviews of lesbians from the early twentieth century. Both the resources state that, although â€Å"gender-appropriate† styles and behaviors were rigidly enforced in order to maintain a clear distinction between the sexes, butch women’s choice to not only reject traditional femininity but to also actively adopt masculinity was perceived as a threat to the very order of society and a prelude to social chaos. Despite the fear, and likelihood of haras sment by police and other straight men, the courage of butches to claim their identities in many ways prepared the way for later generations of lesbians to break free from the narrow conventions of socially constructed womanhood and claim access to a kind of power traditionally held only by men (Weisman and Fernie). As a result, male representations of lesbian sexuality have had the most influence in shaping attitudes towards butch and femme identities throughout the twentieth century. Such representations have almost always assumed the lesbian role -playing is an imitation of heterosexuality. The main theory underlying the feminist disregard of role – playing is that roles depend on sexual difference, which is naturally hierarchical, polarizing, and oppressive. Sexual difference is the grounds on which heterosexual roles are built, and thus contains within it an inherently unequal distribution of power. In the relationship of a butch and femme, since the identities of both a re built on popular cultural stereotypes of male and female behavior, they tend to reinforce the inequality in power inherent in this dichotomy. In addition, in most cases one of the partners is active, strong, dominant, and initiating whereas the other partner is passive, weak, submissive, and enduring. The partner who is dominant in this equation mimics the role of a male in a heterosexual relationship, whereas the passive, weak and submissive characteristics belong to that of the female. Thus, because the butch- femme roles have the potential for being just as sexist as heterosexual roles, they imitate the latter, especially when talking about power relations between two partners. (Weisman and Fernie) According to Judith Roof’s article, â€Å"The Match in the Crocus: Representations of Lesbian Sexuality,† the representations of lesbian sexuality in the dominant discourse often evoke the phallus by calling attention to its absence or substitution in sexual relations between women, so that it appears and seems necessary, at least symbolically, because of the inconceivability of sexuality without a phallus present. Therefore, lesbians are often depicted as having appropriated the penis, masquerading as though they really had it, and thereby assuming male privilege and acting upon it. This evokes the stereotypical image of the lesbians by phallocentric discourse and is seemingly embraced by the lesbian community in the form of butch roles. What Roof’s analysis makes possible is an understanding of the ways in which the dominant ideology has a vested interest in making the butch – femme role playing appear to be a mere replica of heterosexuality, as a way of calming male anxiety over the threat of female appropriation of male dominance. Thus, because the absence of the phallus requires them to achieve the balance through role playing, they merely are merely imitating the heterosexual norms.

Global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Global warming - Essay Example Consequently, the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere increases and thickens the ozone layer which in turn prevents the infrared radiation from escaping the earth’s atmosphere. This in turn results to warmer temperatures around the world. To make his presentation believable, Al Gore used statistical data. For instance, he mentioned about the top ten hottest years ever measured which occurred in the last fourteen years as of 2005 with the hottest of all in the said year. This shows the relentless increase in atmospheric temperature which is affecting the world. Moreover, Gore also compares photographs of glaciers in the past and in more recent times to impress in the minds of the listeners what he is trying to point out. He notes that the glaciers in Kilimanjaro, Glacier National Park, Columbia Glacier in Alaska, the Italian Alps and the Rhone Glacier in Switzerland are evidences of the results of global warming. The once majestic glaciers that attracted many scientists and tourists alike have all been decreased to nothing and more glaciers on the North Pole are at the brink of extinction as well. The effects of the aforementioned consequences of global warming are floods and droughts. This is due to increased precipitation and relocation of precipitation. For instance, in Africa alone, more droughts have worsened because of lack of rain while other places would have strong rains that are actually unusual. Moreover, it is not only sea water that evaporates and cause increased precipitation that in turn cause floods but the heat of the sun also sucks moisture from the soil which leads to droughts. In addition, the melting of the glaciers and Arctic ice caps are predicted to someday cause major floods in low areas and this should cause alarm today. This is explained by the result of studies that show that when the rays of the sun hit the ice caps, they are reflected back to the atmosphere just like in a mirror. On the other hand, when the rays of the sun hit the sea water; they are absorbed and therefore make the water warmer. As a result, the ice near the water melts and increases the volume of sea water. With the data presented by Gore which have obviously been carefully studied and are scientifically based, I strongly agree with all his arguments. The presentation does not just appeal to common sense but it also demands responsibility and accountability from listeners appealing to their moral senses. Indeed, global warming is not just a political issue but it also is an ethical issue which presents itself as the responsibility of every individual regardless of age, gender, political affiliations or beliefs. On another angle, on a more personal perspective, environmentalist Bill McKibben suggests that global warming is caused by people’s desires to have more. Economically, it is a good thing for individuals to want to succeed because it affects the nation’s economic stability. However, the want to have more things a ctually is increasing the carbon dioxide that is polluting the atmosphere. For instance, as more people are able to afford to buy more cars and appliances, more carbon dioxide is emitted from these machines. Moreover, with the fast-paced lifestyles of people wanting to earn more money, they are forced to eat processed foods which encourage more manufacturing processes that contribute to air pollution. Therefore, McKibben suggests people to live simpler

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Macroeconomics - Essay Example The demand side basically includes the overall increase in population and the usage of grain in vehicle operated with fuel. Yearly demand has almost doubled due to the increase in population. The increase in demand of the crops used to produce oil has reduced the amount of land which could instead be used to produce wheat. Whereas, on the supply side it is the weather related issues, high land prices and the limited availability of water that are leading to less production of wheat. Moreover, hoarding of wheat is also one of the major threats (issue) that government has to face every year. It is done by flour millers, private sector, government agencies, distributors, traders, retailers, thus almost all the intermediaries involved through procurement of wheat from farmers to it selling by retailers, everyone to their extent is involved in stockpiling. Considering the above mentioned demand and supply situation, government should try to balance the competing interests of the two sides. The supply side should aim at increasing wheat productivity and output and also supporting the farmer incomes whereas the demand side should aim at increasing household food security by ensuring abundant wheat availability at affordable prices. In order increase wheat supply, the bottom line or crux of any policy pertinent to wheat should revolve around one principal that is in case there is wheat shortage in the country; the deficit could be met by the international markets where the prices of importing wheat are comparatively

Computer networking and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Computer networking and management - Essay Example The protocol constitutes two layers; one is the TLS Record Protocol and the other is TLS handshake protocol. Netgear (2005) further discusses that TLS Record Protocol is a layered protocol. There are different contents for messages at every layer; messages may contain fields for length or details about the message. Record Protocol performs a series of functions; takes the data/message which is desired to be transmitted to the other end, divides the data into smaller blocks, performs the compression function on the data if needed, applies a MAC and encrypts the message according to it and then finally transmits the result. The data which is received at the target server is decrypted, then verified if it has come from the expected host, decompressed and finally passed onto the target host. TLS Record has two main properties, which are discussed below: Connection between the two communicating entities is private. The technique that is used for data encryption is symmetric cryptography. The connection is secure because the key for this symmetric cryptography is unique for every connection, which is communicated between the two connecting applications by another protocol- TLS Handshake Protocol. If security of the connection can be compromised then it is possible to utilize the Record Protocol without encryption. Another characteristic about the protocol is that it provides a reliable connection; this is possible due to the provision of a message integrity check which works on a keyed MAC. The security of MAC is ensured by computing it with a secure hash functions. TLS Handshake Protocol gives a medium for the client and server to authenticate each other and to decide an encryption algorithm. Cryptographic keys are also negotiated among the two applications before any data is transferred or received by either. The steps for TLS handshake protocol are defined in the figure below; The negotiation process of the encryption algorithm is also secure therefore

Critiquing the Article Psycho-Social Factors Affecting Elders Research Paper

Critiquing the Article Psycho-Social Factors Affecting Elders - Research Paper Example Loiselle, McGrath, Polit, and Beck (2010) stated that a good title must reflect the key variables and the population being studied (p. 359). In this case, the article reflects psycho-social factors and maltreatment as variables under study and the elderly as the study population instead of Israeli elderly. Abstract An abstract should correctly summarize the problem, methods, design, results, conclusion, and implications of the study, must be convenient to the reader, and reflects the worthiness of the article (Taylor & Kermode, 2006, 86). Almost all of the contents of the abstract are correct and concise except for the method section. The abstract stated that a quantitative correlational method was used whereas the methodology section identified a quantitative correlational study which made the methods used conflicting. The author also thinks that the abstract of the article is too brief. Upon analysis of the article, the author noticed the following: the aim of the study is too gene ral and stated that the study will examine and analyze ‘major variables’ affecting maltreatment of elderly when the title specifically stated that psycho-social factors will be studied; theoretical frameworks should not be included in the aim and must be included in a separate subheading; the statistical methods were not stated in the abstract; and the conclusion and recommendations did not summarize or recommends anything as it only stated that it is first study to examine elder maltreatment in the long-term care population of Israel. Introduction Statement of the Problem. In my own words, the research problem should be stated as: â€Å"What are the psycho-social factors affecting Israeli elders’ maltreatment in long-term care facilities? What are the relationships of each psycho-social factor in Israeli elders’ maltreatment in long-term care facilities? What psycho-social factor has the major impact in Israeli elders’ maltreatment in long-term ca re facilities?† These are the research problems which came in my mind upon reading the article as it intends to examine and analyze psycho-social factors especially major factors that affect elders’ maltreatment in long-term care facilities. In addition, I have read in the discussion that relationships were identified for each psycho-social factor so the problem could be stated in a way that would illustrate the relationship between psycho-social factors and elders’ maltreatment. According to Loiselle, McGrath, Polit, and Beck (2010), the statement of the problem must be easy to identify, has clear concepts and study population, has significance for nursing, and matches with the paradigms and methods used (p. 359). The article only implied that elderly maltreatment is common in long-term care settings and include various behaviors but did not establish a problem statement; thus, it was not easy to identify. Concepts and population under study are clear and establ ished a cogent and persuasive argument for the new study as the full prevalence of elderly maltreatment in long-term care facilities is unknown. The problem has significance for nursing as it will address the factors on the side of the nurse that leads to maltreatment, leading to prevention. The article matched with paradigms such as the theoretical model for predicting causes of elder maltreatmen

How sex in advertising has negative effects on societies perception of Term Paper - 1

How sex in advertising has negative effects on societies perception of beauty - Term Paper Example This "How sex in advertising has negative effects on societies perception of beauty" essay outlines the impact of the usage of sex images in advertisement on our society and our standards of beauty. In most of the current advanced societies, children spend more times in front of televisions and computers rather than in play grounds. â€Å"Research has shown that young children—younger than 8 years—are cognitively and psychologically defenseless against advertising. They do not understand the notion of intent to sell and frequently accept advertising claims at face value†. Children during their early developmental stages may not possess the ability to segregate between good and evil. Moreover, children also possess intrinsic thirst for sexual activities even though it may not be visible or identifiable to others. When a sex provoking advertisement is displayed in front of the children, they are getting a new knowledge or a wrong message which they will keep in the ir mind forever. For example, bedroom scenes are common in the advertisements of condoms and beauty products. These advertisements often portray males as the symbol of strength or stamina and females as the symbol of beauty or figure. Children watching these advertisements may develop a feeling that only stronger men and beautiful women are capable of enjoying sexual life. In their 2002 thesis, â€Å"Effects of Sex in the Media,† scholars Richard J. Harris and Christina L. Scott address the effect of visual cultures whose morals are affected by this advertising. They say a worldview that progressively reflects the perception of the media may be refined by repeated contact to a regular set of messages. As an example, they say â€Å"watching numerous sitcoms and movies showing teenagers being sexually active may cultivate acceptance of such a position in the viewer and thus weaken family- taught values against pre-marital sex.† So, the viewing of sexual images in adverti sing also distorts the moral values of teenagers, maybe even to the point of rebellion against the values their family taught them (Robertson, p.2) â€Å"Sex is used in commercials to sell everything from beer to shampoo to cars. New research is showing that teenagers' exposure to sexual content in the media may be responsible for earlier onset of sexual intercourse or other

Otitis media, analyeses and evaluation the care delivered to a patient Essay

Otitis media, analyeses and evaluation the care delivered to a patient with otitis media - Essay Example Currently, decision-making processes have to be approved by the patient due to the consequences that may arise during treatments. As for otitis, the decisions have to be controlled by the doctor due to the various determinants. Additionally, the doctors use the factors to assist the patients on the decisions they can make on their treatment. Notably, previous research has simplified decision-making processes by having connection between symptoms and specific treatment methods that can be applied. Acute otitis media (AOM) – it is caused by blockages in the Eustachian tube due to poor drainage and ventilation of the inner and middle ear cavity (Rosenfeld 102). It does not take long, and its symptoms are short-term. The symptoms include increased temperature, nausea, ear ache and irritability among others. However, they may vary based on age body resistance. Chronic otitis media – it involves the entry of bacteria into the middle ear leading to infections (Bluestone and Jerome 103). The excreted fluid may cause conductive hearing loss and takes place after a period of more than three months. It is also referred to as the glue ear. Chronic suppurative otitis media – it is also referred to as the runny ear due to the presence of an opening in the eardrum. There is consistent discharge of fluids that may affect the inner bones (Bluestone and Jerome 5). This stage may lead to permanent hearing loss if treatment is not administered. Age is a factor affecting the choice of diagnostic approaches (Block and Christopher 56). Otitis media is commonly found in children below the ages of ten (Bluestone and Jerome 4). Moreover, the approach styles in children are different from those in adults. For example, an adult can explain in detailed the symptoms that he/she is undergoing; hence making it easy for the decision-making process. Children will have different diagnosis styles whereby the doctor will have to carry out tests and

An overview of Health Care Reform Research Paper

An overview of Health Care Reform - Research Paper Example The Medicaid expansion is expected to take place before 2014. In 2010, the Medicaid income eligibility level was 64% of the federal poverty level and currently only 11 states provide coverage for adults without dependent children. The expansion of Medicaid will avail services to individuals under 65 years of age who earn less than 133% of poverty, despite their family composition. The expansion makes it possible for children with the cover of children’s health insurance program to access the Medicaid services; the services provide more comprehensive children’s benefits package and lower cost sharing limits. The federal government will provide the finance of the Medicaid service. For enrollment of new members, the government will pay the full cost for the first three years. In 2017, the government will split 5% to be covered by the state. The state’s share of the cost of the expansion will then top out at 10% in 2019 and in future. The expansion of the Medicaid services will change how individual’s income will be calculated to create consistency; this will be in terms of tax credits available, for people who earn between 133 and 400 of federal poverty level. In 2014, states are expected to use modified adjusted gross income to determine the income of a family or an individual. This program covers over 7 million children of low income. The expansion will continue when the health reform provide the federal funding needed and, this will enable more children to be covered by the child insurance program. This should take place through the end of the federal year 2015 under the existing rules of that year. At the beginning of the year 2016, states will receive a 23% increase in coverage of the child health insurance program paid by the federal government. The program will need to be adjusted by the end of 2015 for the expansion to be experienced. By 2014

How Communication Affects Relationships Essay Example for Free

How Communication Affects Relationships Essay Communication affects relationships at work in a big way. Communicating in a positive manner will give me a very different response to communicating in a negative manner, it is also important that I alter the way i communicate dependant on who I am speaking to as everybody will respond differently to different styles and variations of communication. One of the parts of my job is to communicate with my colleagues. I must insure that as the environment I work in can and often is stressful, that I speak in a calm manner and that I am clear and concise. By doing this I lessen the chance of information that I passed on being misheard or misunderstood and by being calm I have a reassuring effect on my colleagues. When speaking to families of patient I must insure that I an understanding and come across friendly and professional as a good relationship with a patient’s family can have positive effects on the patients because it is important that families understand the patients treatment plan and how they can have positive influence on the patient. I must communicate with the patients in the most effective way possible. As a health Care worker I need to be able to build trust and a good relationship with those I look after. It is important that I use variation of communication skills to relay what I am trying to get across, this will help the patient understand what is be communicated and in turn will help the patient communicate there needs.

Louis and Crusade Essay Example for Free

Louis and Crusade Essay Manuel saw the crusade as an inconvenience as it prevented him from his plans to attack Sicily, this resulted in him giving the crusade little acknowledgement. Another factor was that the Byzantium emperor had an understanding with the Turks as well as an alliance with the Sultan of Rum. All this would be under threat if he was to help the crusade so it made more sense to give the franks directions rather than supplies as this would anger the turks and could possibly start a war. Also, during the first crusade Baldwin and Bohemond refused to restore territory to the Byzantine emperor so this removed any interest he may have had in aiding the crusade. The pillaging Greek towns led to Manuel refusing to provide supplies top aid his troops alone. This then led to Christians fighting amongst each other which then led to a weaker overall Crusader force, which resulted in the crusade lacking man power and strength. The fact that 90% of troops were wiped out at Dorylaeum certainly had an impact on the failure of the crusade as this reduced the amount of troops on the crusade significantly. This was due to the lack of aid and ships from the Byzantine Emperor Manuel, which then led to more troops having to travel by foot. As a result of this many troops were lost to disease as well as being sabotaged by the Turks. Overall the lack of aid from the Byzantine emperor resulted in loss of troops which then led to lack of man power on the crusade . If the Byzantium’s would have sent help and aid to the crusade, it would have meant many more troops would have survived making the crusader stronger and making them a much more powerful force. Furthermore, the strong muslim unity was also to blame partially for the crusader failure. A reason for this was that the promotion of Jihad by Zengi and Nurreddin gave Muslims the power needed for them to strive and determined to takeover the states the Franks. Another reason for the failure was that the leaders lacked the dedication they had for the first crusade, this then resulted in the troops also lacking enthusiasm meaning the manpower was at a significantly low level during the second crusade. Also, ‘crusade’ meant a variety of different things to different religious groups. One thing they all had in common was they all desired a spiritual reward in return for their service, not to save the East. This meant the crusaders had the wrong frame of mind to begin. This effected on the impact of the troops and the progress of the crusade as it lacked the desire to complete the crusade. Divisions in the East meant that Louis lost support of Raymond of Tripoli and Jocelyn as these remained in the North. This effected to supplies and aid that these leaders could have supplied. As well as aid they could have supplied troops which would have made the crusade much stronger as a whole. Finally, the attack on Damascus played potentially a big part in the failure as it produced more divisions. This was due to the fact it was a politically neutral area. It was also allied to Jerusalem. The attack resulted in the Muslims uniting further making the made it more difficult for the crusade to be complete as Nuredin barred the gates after the appeal from Damascus. This decision resulted in the crusade becoming a weaker force as the Muslim forces were becoming more united and stronger resulting in them having more man power. The final reasons for the failure of the crusade were the mistakes made by Louis VII and how they effected the overall progression of the crusade. Firstly, Louis had an unclear focus of going on the crusade. He was reluctant to embark at fist which meant he didn’t have much belief in the outcomes himself. He went to seek repentance for the massacre he had committed at Vitry, so just like most of the crusaders he was not focused on saving the East he was looking for a spiritual reward. He also failed to swear fealty to Manuel after attacking the Greeks. This resulted in the Byzantium’s refusing to send aid to Louis after he had asked. The little help from the Byzantium’s meant that the crusade lacked the aid and support they needed to keep a large amount of their soldiers alive. This resulted in high death rates, decreasing number of troops and lack of man power. Overall Louis lacked the qualities of a leader he had poor organisation and preparation skills as well as the lack of decision making. When he decided to travel to Antioch by sea he didn’t have the supplies to do this effectively. This meant he lost a large number of troops before even getting to the location. His poor decision making resulted in division of his own army as no one could decide on group decisions etc. This meant that the troops were not working as a team so the frame of mind was not there for them to succeed and complete the crusade. His personal life also had an effect on the crusade. He was more interested in his personal dislikes and relationship than those of the affair. This meant his decisions weren’t based on what was best for the success of the crusade but what was best for him and his personal aspects of his own life. This shows he did not prioritise the crusade so he lacked the enthusiasm that would have rubbed off onto his troops. Finally, when he attacked Damascus he lost the only Muslim ally of the Crusader states. This meant he lost out on supplies and aid the city would have provided as well as uniting the Muslim states even more. In conclusion, all three points had some sort of effect on the failure of the 2nd crusade but the most important was certainly Louis VII lack of leadership and enthusiasm to the crusade. If he would have planned the route and prioritised the crusade he would have gained the help from the Byzantines. He made many wrong decisions that affected the failure because if he hadn’t of attacked Damascus he wouldn’t have lost the only Muslim ally to the Crusader states. His lack of enthusiasm meant the crusade didn’t have a specific motive or aim which meant that the crusaders were not as interested or dedicated to completing the crusade. His lack of organisation resulted in stronger forces of the muslims which resulted with his force being much weaker than those he was crusading against. If a dedicated leader would have led the 2nd crusade it would have been a much greater success as it would have been planned and organised.

Influence By The Nazi Propaganda System Politics Essay

Influence By The Nazi Propaganda System Politics Essay Between the years 1933 and 1939 the Nazi regime in Germany grew incredibly fast. Hitler entered the National Socialists cabinet in January 1933, and two months after this, Hitler had strengthen his political power by supposedly, entirely legal means. The Nazis were trying to consolidate their power and in order to get this; they had to convince people of the value of their regime. In this paper will attempt to identify the effects that the Nazi Propaganda had in the outcome of the National Socialist regime. To achieve this I will analyze Germanys situation in the period of 1933 to 1939, where the National Socialist regime achieved its main aim using all kinds of methods; for example various legislative and administrative changes made by Hitler, the achievement of economical recovery, create fear of the National Socialist regimes amongst society, and propaganda. Although there are other very important factors to attribute the consolidation of power of the National Socialists, propaganda was definitely one of the major causes of this. Even though it is extremely difficult to measure the exact extent in which propaganda affected the Nazi consolidation, the huge propaganda campaign in which Hitler was portrayed as the savoir of Germany, had an enormous impact and influence on the German people. The master propagandist of the Nazi regime, Joseph Goebbels, was convinced that the Ministry had the mission of achieving mobilization and mind of spirit on Germany  [1]  . As a consequence of this, and other National Socialist thoughts, Joseph Goebbels created a propaganda campaign in which Hitler was portrayed as a great man that helped the economical recovery of Germany; he was most likely portrayed as Germanys saviour. Goebbels, in his attempt to consolidate Nazi power and convince German people to support them used the technique of total propaganda. In other words, the government had control over the media  [2]  . Soon after that, Goebbels took control of the newspapers, and although their writing stile did not change, most the newspapers promoted fascism and Nazi German nationalism. As Goebbels work was evidentially giving results, and he was mostly responsible for bringing Hitler to the centre of political stage, he was rewarded with the position of Reich Minister for Public Entertainment and Propaganda; This gave him total control of the communications media, meaning the radio, press, cinema, publishing and others. As a result of this a completely new generation of manipulation was created. Once they had taken over most Germany, the propaganda ministry was split into seven different departments; it consisted of administration and organization, propaganda, radio, press, films, theatre and adult education. As Germany was trying to convince German society that the National Socialist regime was the best for them, they were also caring out World War II. It was extremely important to convince people that fighting was necessary in order for Germany to stay stable. Propaganda played a highly important role in the confining of German people that supported the war. Most of Nazi German propaganda consisted of material sustaining the wartime effort. Besides this Hitler and the higher Nazi leaders encouraged racism and wished to begin the extermination of races that they considered inferior. Although there were already some unhappinesss between the German Jews and other Germans, it was still necessary to convince the German population that action against them was necessary. Propaganda must not investigate the truth objectively and, in so far as it is favourable to the other side, present it according to the theoretical rules of justice; yet it must present only that aspect of the truth which is favourable to its own side. () The receptive powers of the masses are very restricted, and their understanding is feeble. On the other hand, they quickly forget. Such being the case, all-effective propaganda must be confined to a few bare essentials and those must be expressed as far as possible in stereotyped formulas. These slogans should be persistently repeated until the very last individual has come to grasp the idea that has been put forward. () Every change that is made in the subject of a propagandist message must always emphasize the same conclusion.2 This quote proves that not everything said by the government was truth and that there were things that the Nazis kept secret from the propaganda. It also shows Hitlers main intention by introducing Nazi pro paganda, which was to convince everyone that the National Socialist regime was the best for Germany. Even there were lots of types of propaganda all of them ended in the same conclusion and had the same intention of persuading people to support the National Socialist regime. Some historians think that the main reason why the Nazi Germany regime remained in place was due to the fear factor created by the Nazi propaganda. Organizations such as the SS would work to wipe out anyone who didnt agree with what the Nazi propaganda said. Although the fear factor influenced and was seen in a large minority, it affected a small minority. Thanks to this fear people would stop speaking about issues related to the National Socialist regime. Although fear may have helped to consolidate the power, propaganda also plays a part here. It was through the propaganda that the Nazis justified their actions, such as the Night of the Long Knives on June 30th, 1934, this operation consisted in a series of political executions; most of those killed were members of the Sturmabteilung also known as the SA and members of the Brownshirts, this were organizations against the National Socialist regime. This caused more fear in society and decreased their rebellion intentions. C. Evaluation of Sources. Source 1: Randall L. Bytwerk , Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. This sources main purpose is to show why the Nazi propagandas had such a fast effect and how it impacted society from that time. It examines the range of techniques used by Nazis. It talks about how people were embraced by the propaganda; it describes how the propaganda was in control f basically every media of communication that is what made it a very good source for this paper. However the book also says that the effect of the propaganda did not last much and it explains that in a way, Nazi prpaganda failed since they expected more of their propaganda than what it actually was able to do. This is one of the weaknesses if the source since it is a contradiction to what I am trying to prove which is that the Nazi propaganda had a huge effect in the outcome of the Nazi regime. Source 2: Kallis, Aristotle A. Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War. This is a great source since it analyses every aspect of the effects of the Nazi propaganda, it explains how society was affected by it. It shows different kinds of perspectives, as the first source this one also says that the effect of the Nazi propaganda was not as big or as shocking as it is generally thought. It explains that the National Socialists were expecting propaganda to have a greater effect that what it had, however it had a part of the influence in the outcome of the Nazi regime. D. Analysis. Anyone who produced, distributed, broadcasted, published or sold any form of media or press had to first join one of the propaganda ministry departments and follow all the publishing rules they had. Hence, without the ministry license to practice their businesses, all artists, writers, publishers, producers and directors could not work in their field. Along with these guidelines, they brought up the prohibition of all Jewish newspaper and media. Due to the abolition of every anti-Nazi publications and media in general, public felt that the overall mood of all the media was pro-Nazi; As a result of this people knew that by disagreeing they would step out of the general mood and the terror of not conforming due to the total propaganda they were subjected to, contributed in an amazing way to the consolidation of power in Nazi Germany. This terror grew stronger by rebellion acts against the old order, such as the book burning of 1933, this was a campaign promoted by the National Socialis t regime in which every single book in Germany that had opposing ideas to those of the Nazis, or any book that might cause the rebellion of German civilians against the Nazis were burned. Undoubtedly Nazi propaganda films were increasingly popular and thus influential; the number of movie viewers in 1933 was 250 million meaning 249 million more than in 1942. Images of colossal gatherings and marches taking over a grand, powerful Germany were excellent for boosting moral and achieving confidence in the regime. The significant number of movie viewers was thanks to Goebbels idea that movies should not be overly propagandists and must be entertaining. However as in every other media, the ultimate goal was to influence people and drag them into Nazism. The typical films that Goebbels considered appropriate for propaganda were the classic dramas that centred on the great Prussian leaders and other influential figures. There were also some very straightforward war films that contained clear pro-German and pro- nationalistic messages, other films that performed a slightly different propaganda function, such as 1936 Olympia, which showed that Germany could put on a magnificent show for the Olympics. The huge success of the films during this period conveyed to the public the sense that Nazi regime was a regime of modern progress, breaking barriers in technology, convincing public that remaining with the Nazi party would be the only solution in order to progress. The Olympic Games of 1936 were handed to Berlin before the Nazis came to power, and Hitler thought of this as the perfect opportunity to demonstrate the world how efficient the Nazi Germany was. The Berlin Olympic Games were also the perfect scenario for the Nazis to prove the power of the Master Race. The Nazis gave an outstanding performance in the use of radio for the reporters. Twenty transmitting vans were put at the disposition of the foreign media along with 300 microphones. The radio broadcasts at the Olympics were given in 28 different languages. The director of NBC in America congratulated the Nazis for this service; this was a great triumph for the Public Entertainment and Propaganda Ministry Radio could also be considered as one of the greatest and most convincing propaganda. For example the Volksempfanger; in 1933, 4.5 million German houses had broadcast access and were listening to it. This was thanks to the availability of inexpensive radios. A factor of success of the radio was its personal nature, while the cinema was experienced with others, the radio had the ability for the Nazi party to talk to people in their own home, and also they could share it with the public thanks to the speakers in the streets. E. Conclusion The National Socialist regime held absolute control over Germany between the years 1933 and 1939. The Nazis dominated every aspect of the everyday life of ordinary people and made it almost impossible for people to escape the influence of Nazism in their family, their work, and even thinking. Even though the Nazis did bring some prosperity to Germany in economic ways at that time, the overall Nazi regime was based on terror and it was centred on the transformation of Germany which could only be completed by affecting the lives and thoughts of most, if not all of the German citizens. Most of the Nazi ideals were mainly promoted through films, radio, theatres and newspapers controlled by the National Socialist regime. There was no way of avoiding it; it was spread across every form of entertainment and media of communication. A significant percentage of Germans seem happy with Nazi control, however, those who were not, were harshly punished by either the Gestapo or the SS. The propagan da used in the wartime had a massive effect in people causing lots of German Citizens to join the National Socialist ideas and helping the Nazis to gain control over almost every German citizen. F. Sources and Word Count Word Count: 1994 Bytwerk, Randall L. Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2004. Kallis, Aristotle A. Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Nazi and East German Propaganda, Guide Page, German Propaganda archive. The Holocaust History Project ,

Alzheimers Disease, Nursing Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Nursing Care and Understanding of Alzheimer Disease Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of memory, forgetfulness, personal change, even death, are common related disorders caused by a disease called Dementia or better known to most people as Alzheimer’s disease. This disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States in persons 65 and older. Alzheimer’s disease is, named for the German neurologist Alois Alzheimer, who first recognized the disease in 1907; Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by a progressive deterioration of mental functioning. Nursing plays a major role in the care for patients who have Alzheimer’s disease during the three stages of the disease. The majority of Alzheimer’s patients are cared for at home by nursing caregivers or in a nursing home facility. Impact on Today’s World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of the many illnesses know today, Alzheimer’s has an effect not only on the patient but on the caregiver or nurse as well. Many journal articles, papers, and books discuss the impact on the role of the nurse and the Alzheimer’s patient. These articles show that over time the impact of this disease puts the nurse out of his or her homeostasis. Through the process of the disease the ability to control and maintain ones self stability is somewhat overwhelming and can lead to depression of the nurse caring for the patient in most cases. Depression and frustration usually comes from the fact that the Alzheimer’s patient’s mental and physical health is gradually dwindling away, and the caregiver or nurse feels helpless. This helplessness comes from the fact that the nurse or caregiver is showing care, compassion, and using all the knowledge he or she has, yet the nurse sees little to no progress in the person because the disease process is ta king over. â€Å"One caregiver described the disease as being a long journey in which the undeniable end is death, no fixed route, and no estimated time of departure† (Morton, 2003 p.262). Philosophy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nursing is the art of caring. Nursing is a profession because it requires an education in order to give the patient the care he or she needs. Nursing is giving of your self to help others in need of care. In nursing you are always learning, and through education you enhance your abilities to give the highest quality of care. Nursing education enhances t... ...responsible for his actions or emotions. People today and in the future generations look toward great medical miracles along with an increased life expectancy but with all great achievements their will be failure and success. Point being for every cure or medicine there will always be the need for nursing and the loving care that goes along with it. References Bren L. (2003 Jul-Aug). â€Å"Alzheimer's: searching for a cure†. FDA Consumer. 37(4):18-25. Harris, D. (1990). Sociology of Aging. New York, NY. Harper & Row Press. Martindale-Adams, J., Nichols, L., Burns, B., & Malone, C. (2002). Telephone support  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  groups: A lifeline for isolated Alzheimers Disease caregivers. Alzheimer’s Care   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quarterly 2002, 3(2), 181-189. Morton, L. (2003). Psychological journey of an Alzheimer’s caregiver. Alzheimer’s Care Quarterly 2003, 4(4), 262-268. Reisburg, B. & Harvey, R. (2002). Drug slows advanced Alzheimer’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 348,1334. Smith, G. B. (2002). Case management guideline: Alzheimer Disease and other   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dementias. Nursing Case Management, 7(2), 77-84.

Antigone: The Theme of Family Loyalty Essay -- Sophocles’ Antigone

The notion of honor and justice is prevalent throughout all types of literature. In Greek culture, honor is essential for creating a solid foundation within a society and family. Honor will follow you until the day you perish, and beyond. The honor for men in Greece is spiritual in that loved ones show respect to the deceased by giving them a proper burial. Nevertheless, when a man acts upon betrayal of the city, that man looses the privilege to die in such honor. This is evident in the life of Antigone when her two brothers, Polyneices and Eteocles, both die at each other’s hands at war when deciding the ruler of Thebes. Polyneices cannot have a proper burial, because the new king, Antigone’s uncle, Creon created a law that decrees that anyone who tries to give Polyneices a proper burial will have a dire consequence: death. In Sophocles’ Antigone, the quest that Antigone endures to stay true to her pure intentions of honoring Polyneices by giving him a proper b urial is in juxtaposition with the fact that her defiance towards Creon is not only to do with Polyneices, but also to show appeasement to the gods. Antigone’s firm belief that her brother Polyneices should have a proper burial is established by her conviction in that the law of the gods is above all else. This law proclaims that all men be mourned and honored by family and friends through means of a suitable burial. Antigone’s need to put honor upon Polyneices’ soul is so grand that she ignores the advice of everyone around her, including her sister Ismene, who tries to pull her away from performing this criminal act because it will disobey the law set by King Creon, and lead to her demise. However, Antigone does not care about the repercussions because even though â€Å"[s... ... For Antigone, â€Å"if [she] dared to leave the dead man, [her] mother’s son, dead and unburied, that would have been [the] real pain,† not death (510-512). Her desire to free the spirit of her brother so that it can be at peace explains the true reason of her rebellious nature. Although Antigone has a bad reputation with Creon, and possibly Ismene, for being insubordinate, she stays true to her values throughout the entire play by following the law of gods, not so that she could appease them, but because she admired its value of honor and respect to loved ones that have passed away. This devotion and determination to give her brother a proper burial shows the true essence of her being: that loyalty to family is in fact hold above all else. Work Cited Sophocles. "Antigone." The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Ed. Knox and Mack. New York: Norton, 1995.

Examining the Madness of Hamlet Portrayed in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay

The theme of madness in Hamlet has been a widely popular topic in the discussion of the play by both critics and readers alike. It is quite simple to see the reason why, since the play confronts us with evidence to prove the validity of the claim to Hamlet’s true madness, or, rather, a view that the actions and words arising from the apparent madness, is but an feigned "antic disposition" as proclaimed by Hamlet himself. This uncertainty in my view, is the question that has bothered many readers of the play, since a dramatic device like this has it’s purpose. What that purpose is however, is not made clear because of the conflicting evidence of that can be found within the play that supports or contradicts each other. Some have even attributed this uncertainty as carelessness on Shakespeare’s part. My view however is that the unresolved tension these questions bring up, have a part in playing out the plot and also in showing the uncertainties of human nature. Mad ness in my view, is not an absolute concept. It’s occurrence varies with the situation, or for Hamlet, it varies in the degree he allows his emotions to carry him. The significance of madness in the plot can be seen on two levels. First, on the more superficial level of the plot itself, where madness on Hamlet’s part seeks to disarm his enemy, Claudius, in order that he may buy time to affirm the Ghost’s allegations. On a deeper level, this madness reflects the true nature of his deeper psychological self, and poses questions of his behavior. It is the fact of these two levels co-existing that brings about the ambiguity of Hamlet’s true nature, since both these ideas seem to contradict and even clash with one another. The first reason, that to disarm Claudius’s suspi... ...to help Hamlet, is faithful to father’s wishes and shares secrets with her brother. However, Hamlet’s deterioration, coupled with the wrath of his anger made to kill her father, upsets her to her breaking point. As poor Ophelia cannot see why her world changes suddenly with the stabbing of her father by her lover. It is too shocking, unlike Hamlet’s gradual process into deterioration, whose pivotal point was slower. That is why she plunges into a much deeper madness than Hamlet. Her brother, being far away in France is unable to do anything. Her loneliness thus compounds her sorrow further, leaving her no one to turn to. In conclusion, my answer to whether Hamlet is mad is thus; he was mad, but mad in a way that unlike Ophelia’s more conventional madness of the mind, was that of the heart. Hamlet’s madness came out of rage and emotion that bubbled silently within.

Private Versus Public Indonesian Schools Health And Social Care Essay

Besides [ 2 ] , there is another paper that investigated the effectivity of private and public junior secondary schools in the Indonesian context. [ 8 ] studied the relationship between school pick and academic public presentation alternatively of school pick and future net incomes. [ 8 ] found that the academic public presentation of public junior secondary schools pupils was higher than private school pupils as measured by national concluding trial test tonss ( UN[ 1 ]) upon completion of junior secondary school. Therefore, contrary to Bedi and Garg, [ 8 ] believe that public junior secondary schools are more effectual than private junior secondary schools. [ 8 ] besides doubt that the positive consequence of private schools could outweigh the high quality of public schools ‘ input quality. This paper presents a re-examination of Bedi and Garg ‘s appraisal on differential net incomes of public and private junior secondary school pupils, which is the nucleus of their empirical analysis. Using Bedi and Garg ‘s sample informations set, I obtained contradictory consequences to them. I found that their decision is biased and misdirecting. I am besides concerned about the usage of some placeholders of school quality indexs in Bedi and Garg ‘s net incomes theoretical account. Bedi and Garg used three variables that do non specifically demo the quality of junior secondary schools. Alternatively, Bedi and Garg use variables that show the status of the last school attended. Hence, it may be either a junior or a senior secondary school. I believe the used of inappropriate placeholders of school quality may bias the cogency of Bedi and Garg ‘s net incomes derived function. Last but non least, Bedi and Garg used the individual imputation of average permutation to get the better of the losing information. I believe this attack may skew the findings. I used the up-to-date MICE ( multiple imputation by chained equations ) attack to handle the losing value job. Using MICE, I besides found contradictory consequences to Bedi and Garg ‘s as the public school alumnuss net incomes are higher than private non spiritual school alumnuss.2 Sample ReplicationThe first measure used to retroflex Bedi and Garg ( 2000 ) was to make an indistinguishable information set to Bedi and Garg ‘s. Bedi and Garg use the Indonesia Family Life Survey 1 ( IFLS1 ) 1993 to gauge the effectivity of private and public schools in Indonesia. The IFLS1 is a large-scale longitudinal observation of single and household degree on socioeconomic and wellness study. The IFLS1 trying strategy was based on states, so the samples were indiscriminately selected within states. Due to cost- effectiveness the study had took merely 13 out of 26 states on the Island of Java, Sumatra, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. They were selected to stand for about 83 per centum of the Indonesian population. In 2000, RAND as the major manufacturer of IFLS published the 3rd moving ridge of IFLS, so called IFLS3. Harmonizing to the RAND web site, the populace usage files and certification of IFLS4 should be ready by early 2009. Bedi and Garg do non explicate the ground they merely use the first moving ridge. However, I assume that Bedi and Garg do non utilize IFLS2 and IFLS3 as the research was conducted before the IFLS3 was publically released. Despite Rand has printing IFLS2 in 1997, the moving ridge does non incorporate employment informations that consists of net incomes and the figure of hours worked informations[ 2 ] [ htbp ] Comparison of Exclusion ProcessItemBedi and Garg ( 2000 )Fahmi*Initial income information 4900 7220 Had non proceeded beyond primary instruction 3391 5448 Had more than 12 old ages of instruction 291 274 Lack of information on hours of work 33 37 Missing information on school type 10 13 Reported incomes seemed incredibly high 3 9 Missing information on category size–41 Attend ( erectile dysfunction ) school more than 12 month ( miscoded )–45 Missing information on failed in primary school–1 Missing information on male parent ‘s instruction–214 Missing information on female parent ‘s instruction–80 Missing information on school location–6 Missing information on faith–2 Number of staying observation 1194 1050 * ) The Exclusion stairss follows Bedi and Grag ( 2000 ) and another exclusion procedure can alter the consequence. I created a sample informations based on Bedi and Garg ‘s counsel ( pages 467-468 ) . However, I failed to reproduce Bedi and Garg ‘s sample informations even though I merged all necessary files and cleaned the informations right. My initial sample informations set consisted of 7220 respondents who have net incomes and are no longer pupils. The size of the initial information was about twice Bedi and Garg ‘s initial sample informations with 4900 observations. Missing and miscoded informations and besides sample limitations reduced the information set by 6170 ( more than 85 per centum ) to 1050 observations. Most of the observations, 5448, were dropped as they had non proceeded beyond primary school, while 274 observations were dropped since they had more than 12 old ages instruction. Furthermore, I dropped 13 respondents due to losing information on the school type and 9 observations as they had either 99997 or 999997 on entire monthly net incomes. Finally, I exclud ed the staying 389 observations as they had either losing information, miscoded category size ( 41 observations ) , figure of months in school period per twelvemonth ( 45 ) , failed in primary school ( 1 ) , parents ‘ instruction ( 294 ) , state where school is located ( 6 ) , and faith ( 2 ) . Table 1 nowadayss the full comparing of the exclusion procedure. Bedi and Garg used the IFLS1 issued by RAND in 1996 ( DRU-1195-CD ) . On the other manus, I used the IFLS1 information set called IFLS1-RR ( re-release ) that updates the original IFLS1. [ 9 ] explains that IFLS1-RR revisions and restructures the original IFLS1 to attach to with IFLS2. The different construction of IFLS1 ‘s DRU-1195-CD and IFLS1-RR perchance causes the mismatch between my sample informations and Bedi and Garg ‘s. Bedi kindly sent the sample informations set, PUBPRIV.DTA[ 3 ]. Bedi and Garg create the file on 7 February 1998 which consists of 1527 observations and 231 variables. However, Bedi and Garg did non direct the do-file[ 4 ]. Therefore, I can non track the building of sample informations. I tracked the difference of the sample informations sets by comparing Bedi and Garg ‘s sample that consists of 1194 observations with my 1050 observations. I can fit Bedi and Garg ‘s sample by 745 observations. Of the staying 449 observations, 17 observations are unidentified and 305 are considered as losing information. On the other manus, Bedi and Garg ‘s sample does non incorporate 305 observations from my sample informations despite those observations do non hold losing informations. Of the 305 observations losing informations, 34 observations have no information on the figure of months in a twelvemonth go toing school and 32 observations have no information on category size. Bedi and Garg substitute the losing informations on those observations by utilizing a sample average alternatively of dropping the figure of observations. The staying 214 observations have no information on either male parent ‘s or female parent ‘s instruction. Bedi and Garg put â€Å" 0 † value on those observations alternatively of dropping them. Despite Bedi and Garg explicating the major exclusion procedure, they do non indicate out the permutation procedure on the 305 observations. On the other manus, I provide the sketch of the tracking procedure in Table 1. I present the complete comparing of drumhead statistics between Bedi and Garg ‘s sample informations and my sample informations from IFLS1-RR in Table 2. [ T ] Table 1: Tracking Process of Mismatch Sample DataNo.NoteObs.745 Identical 17 Unidentified 152 Had more than 12 old ages instruction 34 – Missing information on period of school in months. – Bedi and Garg substitute the losing informations by sample mean. 32 – Missing information on category size. – Bedi and Garg substitute the losing informations by sample mean. 154 – Missing information on male parent instruction. – Bedi and Garg put â€Å" 0 † , alternatively of losing value in three silent person variable male parent of instruction. – Three variables of male parent instruction are FATH_PRI and FATH_JH and FATH_SH. 60 – Missing information on female parent instruction. – Bedi and Garg put â€Å" 0 † , alternatively of losing value in two dummy variables of female parent instruction. – Two variables of female parent instruction are MOTH_PRI and MOTH_SEC. Since my sample informations does non fit with Bedi and Garg ‘s sample, I can non reproduce all Bedi and Garg ‘s appraisal consequences. However, I continued the remainder of the appraisals by utilizing Bedi and Garg ‘s sample. Using Bedi and Garg ‘s sample I can retroflex Table 1 and 2 in Bedi and Garg ‘s paper. Table 1 in Bedi and Garg ‘s paper presents the descriptive statistics of all variables whereas Table 2 presents the descriptive statistics by type of school. I could retroflex the consequence of the coefficients on polynomial logit appraisal in Table 3. However, I could non fit the consequence on fringy effects of explanatory variables. Technically, I generated the consequence utilizing mlogit and mfx2 faculty on stata. I present the consequence on polynomial logit appraisal in Table 8 in appendix.VariableBedi and Garg ( 2000 )Fahmi( R ) 2-5MeanStd. DevMeanStd. Dev— ContinuedVariableBedi and Garg ( 2000 )Fahmi( R ) 2-5MeanStd. DevMe anStd. DevContinued on Following Page†¦ LOGEARN -0.202 1.079 -0.290 1.063 EARN 1.492 2.567 2.030 17.655 Age 34.66 7.502 34.264 7.321 Junior 0.307 0.462 0.415 0.493 Senior 0.521 0.499 0.527 0.500 Male 0.672 0.469 0.689 0.463 Indonesian 0.404 0.491 0.370 0.483 HIN_BUD 0.066 0.248 0.074 0.262 Jesus 0.091 0.289 0.092 0.290 PRI_FAIL 0.204 0.403 0.208 0.406 Scholar 0.048 0.215 0.040 0.196 FATH_PRI 0.422 0.494 0.521 0.500 FATH_JH 0.101 0.302 0.113 0.317 FATH_SH 0.085 0.279 0.084 0.277 MOTH_PRI 0.380 0.485 0.470 0.499 MOTH_SEC 0.109 0.312 0.094 0.292 DIRT FLOOR 0.067 0.251 0.044 0.205 Class Size 36.47 9.301 36.651 8.884 Calendar months 9.459 1.849 9.638 1.710 OTH_PR 0.023 0.148 0.031 0.175 SKALI_ED 0.043 0.204 0.036 0.187 NSUMA_ED 0.106 0.308 0.097 0.296 WSUMA_ED 0.068 0.253 0.049 0.215 SSUMA_ED 0.051 0.220 0.052 0.223 LAMP_ED 0.023 0.151 0.027 0.161 EJAVA_ED 0.120 0.325 0.135 0.342 WJAVA_ED 0.139 0.346 0.131 0.338 CJAVA_ED 0.141 0.348 0.155 0.362 BALI_ED 0.048 0.215 0.058 0.234 NTB_ED 0.042 0.200 0.056 0.230 YOGYA_ED 0.067 0.251 0.065 0.246 SSULA_ED 0.042 0.202 0.038 0.192 JAKAR_ED 0.079 0.270 0.069 0.253 URBAN 0.708 0.455 0.670 0.470 SKALMNT 0.043 0.204 0.050 0.219 NSUMATRA 0.098 0.297 0.084 0.277 WSUMATRA 0.066 0.250 0.045 0.207 SSUMATRA 0.053 0.225 0.057 0.232 EJAVA 0.103 0.304 0.117 0.322 WJAVA 0.131 0.338 0.125 0.331 CJAVA 0.088 0.284 0.098 0.298 Bali 0.054 0.226 0.068 0.251 NTB 0.042 0.202 0.057 0.232 LAMPUNG 0.029 0.168 0.034 0.182 YOGKARTA 0.067 0.251 0.065 0.246 SSULAWES 0.042 0.202 0.040 0.196 Jakarta 0.176 0.381 0.160 0.367 Number of Sample 1194 1050 Table 2: Comparison of Descriptive Statistics Table 3 nowadayss the consequences on fringy consequence after polynomial logit appraisal. All Bedi and Garg ‘s fringy effects are different to my consequences. The marks on the coefficient of fringy effects in my consequences contradict Bedi and Garg ‘s consequences. Those coefficients are MOTH_SEC in private non spiritual and public appraisals, HIN_BUD in private Islam school, FATH_JH in private Islam school, and FATH_PRI in private Christian school. The differences may bespeak that Bedi and Garg used different techniques or faculties in gauging fringy consequence after polynomial logit. I used the the stata ‘s faculty mfx2 that suggested by [ 13 ] . [ 13 ] argues that mfx2 likely the most utile after multiple-outcome appraisals such as mlogit. On the other manus, Bedi and Garg do non advert the faculty or stata bid in the fringy consequence appraisal. Table 3: Fringy Effectss AppraisalsVariablePublicPrivate NRPrivate IsPrivate Ch2-9BediFahmiBediFahmiBediFahmiBediFahmiandandandandGargGargGargGargMale -0.0154 -0.005 -0.0259 -0.002 -0.0253 -0.005 0.0667 0.012 Indonesian -0.0345 -0.006 -0.0244 -0.001 0.0441 0.006 0.0147 0.001 Hin_bud 0.1983 0.003–-0.005 0.2817 0.123 -0.4819 -0.121 Jesus 0.0318 0.062 -0.2304 -0.029 0.2371 0.291 -0.0385 -0.323 Pri_fail 0.0897 0.017 -0.0304 -0.001 -0.0196 -0.002 -0.0397 -0.014 Fath_pri 0.0348 0.007 0.0171 0.001 -0.0028 0.001 -0.0548 -0.010 Fath_jh -0.0183 -0.004 0.0022 -0.000 -0.0289 -0.004 0.0450 0.008 Fath_sh -0.0048 -0.006 -0.0680 -0.003 -0.0752 -0.008 0.1481 0.017 Moth_pri -0.0147 -0.006 -0.0413 -0.002 -0.0293 -0.005 0.0854 0.013 Moth_sec 0.0139 -0.001 -0.0387 -0.002 -0.0390 0.008 0.0638 -0.005 Nitrogen 221 133 73 767 [ parity ] Bedi and Garg= [ 2 ] . Fahmi=Fahmi ‘s appraisal utilizing Bedi and Garg ‘s sample. Public is public school. Private NR is private not spiritual. Private Is is private Islam. Private Ch is Private Christan and other.3 Selectivity VariablesBedi and Garg include the selectivity variables in the net incomes appraisals and the net incomes decompositions. Bedi and Garg argue that in Indonesia, the junior secondary school sorting is a consequence of parental pick and choice standards that in some instance may implement by the school. In doing the determination, Bedi and Garg assume that parents evaluate the benefits of go toing each peculiar school and they face four available school types, public, private non-religious, private Islamic and private Christian schools. The school screening that is based on choice standards is most likely true for public secondary school as they require a certain degree of concluding trial tonss before accepting the pupils. Bedi and Garg besides suggest that school sorting may non be exogenic and the pupil who has higher ability may be more likely to come in public secondary schools. Bedi and Garg used two-stage appraisal suggested by [ 5 ] to get the better of the selectivity prejudice job. To gauge the net incomes appraisal, Bedi and Garg ab initio used a polynomial logit theoretical account to bring forth the selectivity rectification term. In the 2nd measure, Bedi and Garg estimated the net incomes equations and included the selectivity variables or the opposite of Mill ‘s ratio ( lambda ) to the equations. The coefficient on lambda measures the consequence of non-random screening single, while either the positive or negative mark indicates the nature of choice. The negative coefficient indicates that unseen variables that influence school pick are negatively correlated with unseen variables that determine net incomes. Bedi and Garg compared the consequences of OLS decompositions and two measure decompositions to demo the consequence of choice prejudice on the theoretical account. Despite Bedi and Garg utilizing the two measure method used in many surveies on school effectivity, I am concerned about the consequences of Bedi and Garg ‘s appraisals on selectivity variables and decompositions with selectivity prejudice. To verify the consequences, I re-estimated the polynomial logit equation utilizing Bedi and Garg ‘ sample informations set that derived from PUBPRIV.dta. I used the two-step technique proposed by [ 3 ] . [ 3 ] created selmlog as a faculty in STATA on choice prejudice rectification when choice is specified as a polynomial logit. I used Lee ‘s method in selmlog option, since Bedi and Garg used Lee ‘s two-step method to gauge the theoretical account. The Comparison of Selectivity Variable ( )School TypeBedi and Garg ( 2000 )Bedi and Garg ‘s sampleand Fahmi computation2-5 t-stat. t-stat. Public -0.089 ( -0.310 ) 0.104 ( 0.370 ) Private Non Religious -0.848** ( -2.384 ) 0.895** ( 1.990 ) Private Islam 0.073 ( 0.120 ) 0.259 ( 0.330 ) Private Christian 0.031 ( 0.272 ) -0.666* ( -1.75 ) [ parity ] [ 1 ] * = P & lt ; 0.1, ** = P & lt ; 0.05, *** = P & lt ; 0.01 Table 3 presents the comparing of selectivity variables. Using Bedi and Garg sample informations, the consequences show positive selectivity for public schools, private non-religious schools, and private Islam schools and negative choice into private Christian schools. The coefficient in private non-religious school and private Christian school equation are statistically important. This consequences contradict Bedi and Garg ‘s consequences. In Bedi and Garg ‘s appraisals, negative selectivity exists in public and private non spiritual groups, whereas positive selectivity nowadayss in private Islam and private Christian schools. The coefficient lambda is important merely in private non-religious school appraisal. The coefficient on the selectivity variable of public schools in Bedi and Garg ‘s is -0.089, whereas in my consequence it is 0.104. In private non spiritual schools and private Christian schools, Bedi and Garg ‘s are -0.848 and 0.031, while in my conse quences are 0.895 and -0.666. In private Islam appraisal, Bedi and Garg ‘s is 0.073 while in my consequence is 0.259. I present the full comparing of the two measure appraisals in Tables 9, 10, 11, and 12. Bedi and Garg point out that the negative coefficient on lambda was statistically important in private non spiritual school appraisal. Bedi and Garg used this determination to back up their statement that the strong negative choice consequence in private non-religious school reversed the public and private non-religious school advantage. However, utilizing Bedi and Garg ‘s sample informations set, I found that the mark of in private non spiritual is positive. The positive and important coefficient on lambda implies that a non-participant type in private non spiritual group will be given to hold higher net incomes. Non participant-type in private non spiritual schools are pupils from high socio economic sciences background. From the consequence of school screening in Table 3, pupils whose parents do non hold secondary instruction most likely attend private not spiritual schools. Therefore, the non participant type or the sub-sample of private non spiritual school are pupils whos e parents have high instruction or have high socio economic background. The negative mark on the selectivity variable in private Christian school implies that pupils from non-participant types in these group will be given to hold lower net incomes. Intuitively, pupils from low socio economic sciences backgrounds who study in private Christian schools will be given to hold lower net incomes.4 Net incomes DecompositionBedi and Garg used the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to gauge net incomes differential between public school and private school alumnuss. Bedi and Garg used the double decomposition that included some non-discriminatory coefficient vectors to find the part of the spread in the forecasters. Harmonizing to [ 10 ] , the two fold decomposition can be written as ( 1 ) where the inferior refers to the public schools group and the inferior refers to private schools groups. is the the natural logarithm of single net incomes. is a vector of ascertained features and is a vector of coefficients on ascertained features. is the individuality matrix and is a diagonal matrix of weights. Now the double decomposition is ( 2 ) where is the net incomes difference. The first constituent, , is the net incomes derived function that is â€Å" explained † by group differences in the forecasters. The first difference is besides known as measure consequence. The 2nd portion, is the â€Å" unexplained † portion. is the differences caused by favoritism and unseen variables. Bedi and Garg follow [ 10 ] who used the average coefficients between the low and the high theoretical account or. Reimers believes that the favoritism in in labor market could impact the net incomes of either the bulk or minority group. Therefore, Reimers suggests that the diagonal of D ( matrix of weights ) should be 0.5 to avoid the incompatibility in decomposition consequence. I re-estimated the Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions on Bedi and Garg ‘s ascertained net incomes differential utilizing Oaxaca. Oaxaca[ 5 ]that created by [ 4 ] , is a STATA technique which allows gauging the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition net incomes derived functions in one bid[ 6 ]. I present the comparing of the reproduction on the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition in Tables 4 and 4. Table 6 presents the comparing of net incomes differential utilizing OLS appraisal as the appraisal does non include the selectivity variable. The consequences of Bedi and Garg and my appraisal utilizing Bedi and Garg sample informations are similar. Despite some differences in the 3rd denary values, the consequences could be considered as minimally different. The consequences suggest that Bedi and Garg ‘s computation and my technique, utilizing Jann ‘s Oaxaca, produced similar end products. However, Bedi and Garg do non supply the standard mistakes or statistical trials for the difference. Harmonizing to [ 4 ] , merely a few surveies on the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition are concerned about the issue of statistical illation. Jann argues that statistical illation in the decomposition consequences is necessary to bring forth equal reading. In general, my computations on Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition are similar with Bedi and Garg ‘s. However, there are some differences in the 3rd figure in some denary Numberss. For case, Bedi and Garg ‘s entire log net incomes derived function between public and private non spiritual is 0.316 whereas in my consequence the spread is 0.318. The consequences of Bedi and Garg ‘s net incomes decompositions should be treated with cautiousness because of two factors. First, Bedi and Garg do non supply the t-statistics or the standard mistakes of the difference. Second, the choice prejudice could hold appeared in the net incomes appraisals. Table 3 shows that the choice prejudice occurs in private non spiritual school and private Christian school appraisals. Therefore, the net incomes derived function in Table 4 on those two groups are biased. The Comparison of Earnings Differentials Between Public and Private Schools ( OLS )Type ofBedi and Garg ( 2000 ) aFahmib2-8 School Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Private Non Religious 0.316 0.162 0.154 0.318*** 0.163*** 0.155** ( 0.086 ) ( 0.054 ) ( 0.078 ) Private Islam 0.311 0.254 0.057 0.309*** 0.254*** 0.055 ( 0.117 ) ( 0.077 ) ( 0.113 ) Private Christian -0.140 -0.204 0.064 -0.142 -0.205* 0.064 ( 0.147 ) ( 0.116 ) ( 0.130 ) [ a ] Bedi and Garg do non supply standard mistakes or t-statistics [ B ] Standard mistakes are in parenthesis and heteroscedasticity consistent T = Observed net incomes derived function utilizing OLS E = Differentials due to differences in agencies utilizing OLS ( Explained ) U = Differentials due to differences in parametric quantities utilizing OLS ( Unexplained ) = P & lt ; 0.01, ** = P & lt ; 0.05, * = P & lt ; 0.1 Table 4 shows that pupils who graduated from public schools earn 30.9 per centum more than their opposite number from private Islam schools. This grounds is strong as the net incomes derived function is statistically important at 1 percent degree of significance. The difference in the explained features contributes to about 82 per centum as the spread is 25.4 per centum. This spread is significance at 1 percent degree of significance. It means that the variables included in the theoretical account could explicate the 82 per centum of net incomes differential between public school and private Islam alumnuss. The difference in unexplained features are 5.5 per centum. However, this consequence is likely non true as the difference is non statistically important. [ ht ] Table 4: The Comparison of Earnings Differentials Between Public and Private Schools ( Two-Step )Bedi and Garg ( 2000 ) aFahmib2-8 Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Private Non Religious -0.754 0.236 -0.990 0.243** 0.151*** 0.09 ( 0.111 ) ( 0.055 ) ( 0.098 ) Private Islam 0.468 0.241 0.057 Sodium Sodium Sodium ( NA ) ( NA ) ( NA ) Private Christian -0.046 -0.226 0.180 -0.104 -0.197 0.093 ( 0.233 ) ( 0.123 ) ( 0.190 ) [ a ] Bedi and Garg do non supply standard mistakes or t-statistics [ B ] Standard mistakes are in parenthesis and heteroscedasticity consistent T = Adjusted net incomes differential utilizing Two-step E = Differentials due to differences in agencies utilizing Two-step ( Explained ) U = Differentials due to differences in parametric quantities utilizing Two-step ( Unexplained ) = P & lt ; 0.01, ** = P & lt ; 0.05, * = P & lt ; 0.1 NA = Not Applicable In Table 3 the selectivity variables in private non spiritual and private Christian schools are statistically important. This grounds suggests that ordinary least squares ( OLS ) appraisal every bit good as the net incomes differential decomposition in these two groups would be biased. Table 4 nowadayss the net incomes decomposition utilizing the two-step method. In this tabular array, I do non supply the spread between public and private Islam schools since the coefficients on selectivity variables of both the groups are non statistically important. The net incomes derived function between public school and private non spiritual school is 24.3 per centum and is important at 0.05 degree. The spread is lower than the net incomes difference calculated by OLS appraisal. The net incomes decomposition on OLS appraisal between two groups are 31.8 per centum. Therefore, the inclusion of the selectivity variable in the theoretical account corrects the net incomes spread of 7.5 per centum. Si milar with the net incomes spread between public and private Islam schools, the explained or observed features in the theoretical account contribute to most of the spread. The part of measure effects or ascertained variables to the spread is about 60 per centum and is important at 0.01 significance degree. This part is higher than the OLS appraisal that merely contributes 52 per centum to the spread. The spread on the unseen variable are little and non statistically important. This consequence contradicts Bedi and Garg ‘s decision that the strong selectivity consequence reverses the public and private non-religious net incomes decompositions. I agree that the selectivity consequence corrects the net incomes spread but it does non change by reversal the advantages of public schools over the private non spiritual schools. The net incomes derived function of two-step appraisal between public and private Christian schools corrects the spread estimated by OLS. However, all the differences are non statistically important. Therefore, I can non reason what is the net incomes differences between the two schools since the groundss are likely non true. This undistinguished consequence on net incomes spread may be caused by the little figure of observations in the private Christian school group. The figure of observation in this group is 73 whereas the figure of observations in public school group is 767.5 School Quality IndexsDespite my findings beliing Bedi and Garg ‘s decisions, the placeholders of school quality indexs may bias the cogency of Bedi and Garg ‘s net incomes theoretical account[ 7 ]. Alternatively of utilizing standard variables for school quality indexs such as teacher-student ratio, outgo per student, and degree of instruction of instructors, Bedi and Garg used three proxy variabl es: a dummy variable of whether the school has a soil floor ( DIRT FLOOR ) , the length of the school term ( MONTHS ) , and the figure of pupils in the category ( CLASS SIZE ) . The figure of observations that linked to the information of these standard variables for school quality are non equal[ 8 ]. I believe BG ‘s placeholders for school features ‘ variables could hold biased the consequences. Harmonizing to the manual book of IFLS1, DIRT FLOOR, MONTHS, and CLASS SIZE[ 9 ]supply information about the school features last accompanied by respondents. Therefore, some of the informations on these proxy variables will be biased for respondents who attend senior secondary schools. The 1,194 from informations observation set in Bedi and Garg ‘s survey, there are 519 observations that are non junior secondary school. In fact, Bedi and Garg merely focus on the quality of junior secondary schools.6 Missing Data TreatmentI am besides concerned about the losing informations intervention in Bedi and Garg ‘s paper. There are two variables in net incomes equations that have losing values: CLAS_SIZ and MONTH. CLAS_SIZ has 72 losing values whereas MONTH has 55. Bedi and Garg used a traditional attack, the average permutation, to get the better of losing informations on those two variables. Hence, Bedi and Garg replaced the 72 losing values in CLAS_SIZ and MONTH by 36.40461 and by 9.412534. Harmonizing to [ 6 ] average imputation is simple to implement, nevertheless, it has some serious disadvantages. First, average permutation will diminish the discrepancy of the sample as the decrease of the sample will under gauge the true discrepancy. Second, the appraisal of non additive variables can non be estimated systematically. Third, average imputation will falsify the distribution of and form of the imputed variables. [ 1 ] points out that average permutation would be the worst attack when there is big inequality in losing informations for different varia bles. Another traditional attack that is alleged the list-wise or instance omission may be applied in this theoretical account to get the better of losing informations job. However, This attack may give indifferent appraisal if the MCAR premises are met. MCAR or Missing Wholly At Random appears when the chances of losing informations do non depend on any other observed or unobservable variable. However, MCAR seldom happens in household or family study. In the survey about the impact of childbearing on wellbeing utilizing IFLS informations, [ 7 ] argues that the premise of MCAR is non sensible in the survey. Mattei believes that the premise of losing informations mechanism or MAR ( Missing At Random ) is more sensible. To avoid inconsistent prejudices or equivocal consequences, I re-estimated Bedi and Garg ‘s school pick and net incomes derived function utilizing the multiple imputation by chained equations ( MICE ) . Multiple Imputation was originally developed by Rubin ( Rubin1976, Rubin1977 ) and implemented as MICE for general used by [ 12 ] . In STATA, MICE is implemented utilizing mvis or ice[ 10 ]. These STATA ado-files bundle were developed by [ 11 ] . Selectivity Variable in Mean Substitution and Multiple Imputation attackSchool TypeBedi and Garg ( 2000 )Bedi and Garg sampleAverage SubstitutionMouses2-5 t-stat. t-stat. Public -0.089 ( -0.310 ) -0.103 ( -0.360 ) Private Non Religious -0.848** ( -2.384 ) -0.896** ( -2.200 ) Private Islam 0.073 ( 0.120 ) -0.247 ( 0.320 ) Private Christian 0.031 ( 0.272 ) 0.650* ( -1.820 ) [ parity ] * = P & lt ; 0.1, ** = P & lt ; 0.05, *** = P & lt ; 0.01 I created 5 transcripts of imputed sample informations utilizing ice bid. Then, I used mim bid to gauge the polynomial logit and two-step net incomes equation utilizing the five imputed information set. I compared the consequence of utilizing multiple imputation and Bedi and Garg ‘s average permutation in Tables 6, 5, and 6. Table 6 presents the comparing of the selectivity variable of Bedi and Garg ‘s and my appraisal. Then, Tables 5 and 6 compare the OLS and two-step net incomes derived function utilizing individual imputation ( average permutation ) and multiple imputation ( MICE ) . [ ht ] Table 5: The Comparison of Earnings Differentials Between Public and Private Schools ( OLS )Type ofBedi and Garg ( 2000 ) aFahmibSchoolAverage SubstitutionMultiple Imputation2-8 Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Private Non Religious 0.316 0.162 0.154 0.315*** 0.168*** 0.148** ( 0.034 ) ( 0.021 ) ( 0.030 ) Private Islam 0.311 0.254 0.057 0.314*** 0.251*** 0.055 ( 0.045 ) ( 0.077 ) ( 0.030 ) Private Christian -0.140 -0.204 0.064 -0.119*** -0.191*** 0.072 ( 0.056 ) ( 0.044 ) ( 0.046 ) [ a ] Bedi and Garg do non supply standard mistakes or t-statistics [ B ] Standard mistakes are in parenthesis and heteroscedasticity consistent T = Observed net incomes derived function utilizing OLS E = Differentials due to differences in agencies utilizing OLS ( Explained ) U = Differentials due to differences in parametric quantities utilizing OLS ( Unexplained ) = P & lt ; 0.01, ** = P & lt ; 0.05, * = P & lt ; 0.1 Table 6 shows that about all selectivity variables in MICE appraisal have the same mark with Bedi and Garg ‘s appraisal, with merely the private Islam school group beliing to Bedi and Garg ‘s. The coefficient on selectivity variable in private Islam school is -0.247, whereas Bedi and Garg ‘s lambda in the same group is 0.073. The coefficient on lambda in private non-religious and private Christian schools are statistically important. Bedi and Garg point out that the negative coefficient on the selectivity variable in the private non-religious school group reverses the high quality of the public school group to their opposite number from private non spiritual schools. Bedi and Garg province that the net incomes spread between public schools and private non spiritual schools are reversed from 31.6 per centum to -75.4 per centum. However, in MICE appraisal the important negative coefficient on selectivity variable merely reduces the spread from 31.5 per centum to 24.6 per centum as public schools are still superior than private non spiritual school. Furthermore, the spread that is caused by unexplained or unobservable variables alternatively adds a positive 8.8 per centum to the entire spread. Table 5 shows that there is a similarity in net incomes derived function of the private Islam group in Bedi and Garg ‘s and my appraisal. The entire spread in MICE appraisal is 31.4 per centum whereas the explained spread is 25.1 per centum. The discernible variable adds 5.5 per centum to the entire spread, however the coefficient is non important. [ ht ] Table 6: The Comparison of Earnings Differentials Between Public and Private Schools ( Two-Step )Bedi and Garg ( 2000 ) aFahmib2-8 Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Thymine Tocopherol Uracil Private Non Religious -0.754 0.236 -0.990 0.246*** 0.158*** 0.088*** ( 0.045 ) ( 0.022 ) ( 0.039 ) Private Islam 0.468 0.241 0.057 Sodium Sodium Sodium ( NA ) ( NA ) ( NA ) Private Christian -0.046 -0.226 0.180 -0.071 -0.180*** 0.109 ( 0.092 ) ( 0.047 ) ( 0.073 ) [ a ] Bedi and Garg do non supply standard mistakes or t-statistics [ B ] Standard mistakes are in parenthesis and heteroscedasticity consistent T = Observed net incomes differential utilizing two-step E = Differentials due to differences in agencies utilizing two-step ( Explained ) U = Differentials due to differences in parametric quantities utilizing two-step ( Unexplained ) ` = P & lt ; 0.01, ** = P & lt ; 0.05, * = P & lt ; 0.17 DecisionUsing Bedi and Garg ‘s sample informations, new sample informations, Jann ‘s selmlog and Oaxaca, and multiple imputation attack, I found the contradictory consequence to Bedi2000. I found that the important negative choice variable in private non spiritual schools does non change by reversal the high quality of public schools over private non spiritual schools. I found grounds that public school alumnuss earn more than private school alumnuss. Bedi and Garg used the traditional average permutation to get the better of the losing information. This individual imputation attack is non appropriate and may bias the consequences. Using the up-to-date MICE ( multiple imputation by chained equations ) to handle the losing value, I found the public school alumnuss have higher net incomes than private non spiritual alumnuss. The negative coefficient on the selectivity variable does non change by reversal the high quality of public schools. The usage of some placeholders as school quality indexs in Bedi and Garg ‘s gaining theoretical account may besides bias the consequences. Bedi and Garg used three proxy variables that explain the status of last school attended. Since some of the respondents attended senior or higher instruction, hence, it may bias the cogency of the theoretical account.Mentions[ 1 ] Acock, A.C. Working with losing values. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67 ( 4 ) :1012 — 1028, 2005. [ 2 ] Bedi, Arjun S. and Garg, Ashish. The effectivity of private versus public schools: the instance of Indonesia. Journal of Development Economics, 61, issue 2:463-494, 2000. [ 3 ] Bourguignon, FranAA §ois and Fournier, Martin and Gurgand, Marc. Selection Bias Corrections Based on The Multinomial Logit Model: Monte Carlo Comparisons. Journal of Economic Surveys, 21 ( 1 ) :174-205, 2007. [ 4 ] Ben Jann. A Stata execution of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. ETH Zurich Sociology Working Papers, 5, ETH Zurich, Chair of Sociology, 2008. [ 5 ] Lee, L. F. Generalized econometric theoretical accounts with selectivity. Econometrica, 51:507, 1983. [ 6 ] Little, R.J.A. and Rubin, D.B. Statistical analysis with losing informations. Wiley New York, 1987. [ 7 ] Mattei, A. Estimating and utilizing leaning mark in presence of losing background informations: an application to measure the impact of childbearing on wellbeing. Statistical Methods and Applications, 18 ( 2 ) :257 — 273, 2009. [ 8 ] Newhouse, David and Beegle, Kathleen. The consequence of school type on academic accomplishment – Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Human Resources, 41 ( 3 ) :529-557, 2006. [ 9 ] Peterson, Christine E. Documentation for IFLS1-RR: Revised and Restructured 1993 Indonesian Family Life Survey Data, Wave 1. Technical study, RAND, 2000. [ 10 ] Cordelia W. Reimers. Labor Market Discrimination Against Hispanic and Black Men. The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 65 ( No. 4 ) : pp. 570-579, 1983. [ 11 ] Royston, P. Multiple imputation of losing values: update. Stata Journal, 5 ( 2 ) :188 — 201, 2005. [ 12 ] Van Buuren, S. and Oudshoom, CGM. MICE: multivariate imputation by chained equations. web. inter. nl. net/users/S. new wave. Buuren/mi, 2000. [ 13 ] Williams, R. MFX2: Stata faculty to heighten mfx bid for obtaining fringy effects or snaps after appraisal. Statistical Software Components, 2006. Appendix